Discuss whistle-blowing in nursing. (Please cover the pros and cons of Research Paper

Discuss whistle-blowing in nursing. (Please cover the pros and cons of whistle blowing and it's relevance to nurse empowerment) - Research Paper Example Furthermore, a nurse might also act as a health advisor for the patients’ future well being. The American Nursing Association (ANA) states, â€Å"nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (What is Nursing 2012). Despite the level of input required, the reward for this profession mostly shows up as a bully. Majority of the nurses face social demons at work such as discrimination, over exploitation and verbal or even in some cases, physical abuse. Through a survey conducted of 612 nurses, 67.5% have, at some point or the other suffered inappropriate behavior from their managers. American Nursing Association has stated that 56.9% have either been threatened or been abused verbally at work. (Malcolm 2006; Spence, Leiter, Day, & Gilin 2009; ANA 2001). Whistle blowing is a terminology used when an employee of an organization who objects over illegal or unethical practices that takes place within the business. Depending upon the nature of the management style, whistle blowing can have its advantages but, in some cases quite severe repercussions. Many within a firm might consider whistle blowing no less than an act of treachery while for some companies or organizations, whistle blowing is just another form of collaborative and collective ideas to cut costs and improve efficiency from all areas of the firm. Encouraging employees from all levels of hierarchy to step up and contribute towards the betterment of the institution, collectively. However, fact is, such an attitude is rare to be found. News reports and surveys represent clearly that healthcare institutions are not in favor of such an activity and view whistle blowing as cynical criticism that diminishes its public image. Nurse practitioners have suffered the most, socially an d

Impact of social media on management of information systems Research Paper

Impact of social media on management of information systems - Research Paper Example Social media has a great impact on management of information system because it allows easy gathering of knowledge and gives a connection between image, text and video. Social media is practically changing the way we communicate and it has transformed the information technology of business within and outside the company boundaries. Social media has been integral to finance and human resource management and for the understanding of consumer preferences, peer to peer marketing and demand prediction. The management of information system is an important function in an organization as it collect and process many data relevant to a business. Management of information system has achieved great height due to many social media like face book, Twitter and Linked In. The business management and consumer and suppliers have become more interactive and responsive. Social media is an interactive platform and allow input and output of data along with smooth communication. Social media has a large role to play in management of information sytem. Social media is the interaction on a virtual platform where people create, share or exchange information. The different social media like Face book, Twitter and Linked In have been the best informative sites since technology has ever created. As per (Daniel) â€Å"Media is an instrument on communication, like a newspaper or a radio, so social media would be a social instrument of communication†. Now social media has specific importance in every sphere of life especially in the business world. Since globalization, social media has become more and more significant as it is medium through which people in various countries communicate and share information. Social media is of so much importance because of its reach, quality, frequency usability and performance. Social Medias can be internet forums, social network sites, blogs, and content communities. The most famous social media like Face book, Twitter, You Tube and Linked In has

Mother Tongue Language And Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Mother Tongue Language And Mathematics Essay In what ways does your mother tongue language and mathematics resemble and differ from each other? Mathematics and language both act as a source of communication, thus both mathematics and language play an important role in life. According to the dictionary, language is defined as a communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. In comparison, the dictionary defines mathematics as a the study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols. Both language and mathematics use symbols, thus both concept are seen as a form of communication. The symbols represent values, which can be understood by the human mind. Language is defined as a code, and both the mother tongue and mathematics are made up of unique symbols that are consistent in their rules in order to be understood properly. Mathematics is a very complex, straightforward concept that has fixed meanings. If x = y = z, then x = y, x = z and y = z. This is a universal phenomenon accepted world wide. Mathematics has been used in the study of science. An example would be the physician Albert Einstein and the discovery of his equation e = mc2. Mathematics is composed of a combination of factors, which can be simplified and broken down. Factorisation of equations is an example. However, if an equation can be factored, then there is only possibility in which it can be broken down. Each equations has its universal values that cannot be altered. Even though mathematics exemplifies logic, it is not as simple to understand. In order to understand the concept of mathematics, a person has to learn a language first. Whether the language is English, French, Spanish or German does not matter. Mathematics is a fundamental base of our daily life and society, but it is not as essential as the communication between humans through the usage of language. Language is a much simpler concept than mathematics. Language does not have a fixed meaning or value, whereas this is the case in mathematics. 5 + 3 = 8. This is always true, it cannot be denied due to the mathematical code and its rule. In language this is not the case. Statements can be understood of accepted differently according to the individual. For example, Anna says to Tom, I really like you. This has no fixed meaning, because according to what tone this statement is said, it can either be true or false. Anna could emphasise through language that she in reality does like Tom. On the other hand, she has the ability to state it as a sarcastic phrase. This would mean, that in reality she doe not like Tom. Language also plays an important role in culture. Through language, the origin of individuals can be assumed. If somebody is mainly speaking German, then one can assume that the person is German. Even within the German language, different dialects are spoken. This makes language less specific than mathematics. There is the Hoch-Deutsch spoken in Germany, the Austrian German spoken in Austria and finally the Swiss German heard in Switzerland. Language is expressed in different forms, either written by the usage of symbols, orally through the usage of sounds and finally through the form of body language. Again, language illustrates a less specific concept than mathematics. All three forms can express certain values and one statement, such as I like you can be expressed in all three different forms. Even though both mathematics and language have codes, these can be misunderstood. In mathematics your result is an error, while in language misunderstandings can result in several problematic situations. The fundamental difference between mathematics and language is that one is universal in its concept, while the other is altered around the globe. Mathematics is universal, it has the same code throughout the world where 2 + 2 = 4 in every country. Language however, can be altered. If a Chinese speaks in Chinese to a Portuguese, it is unlikely that they will understand it each other. In conclusion, mathematics and language share both common concepts but also differ from each other. They are both essential for life, while language is the base to understand mathematics. The concept of mathematics has always been relevant in nature, such as 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ circles. Language is the invention of the human race in order to establish and maintain the communication between each other.

Dworkins Theory Of Law As Integrity

Dworkins Theory Of Law As Integrity Integrity in law essentially is a theory about the interpretation of the law. Dworkin proposed a view that the interpretation in the law should be guided by the concept of integrity. He believes that the basic issue of the Philosophy of Right is not a semantic one, but one that what is the best interpretation for legal practice. Because the proper goal of Philosophy of Right is to develop a way for the law to be the best explanation of the law; it is also because the behavior of judgment does not determine what the law is, but deciding on specific cases, this is also an explanatory practice. In Dworkins theory of legal interpretation, the law is an interpretational notion that the judge hearing the case is the process of interpreting the law. Nevertheless, what is the law? Law not only refers to the rules of the legal system, but also contains principles and policies, both of which are the basis for legal interpretation by the court or judge. In Dworkins argument, the judge appears to be beyond the rule of law, it seems that the judge is create law by interpretation, however, his legal view is law as integrity, that is to say, in addition to rules of the law, the principles and policies are hidden behind the rules. So the judgment and interpretation of the judge are still the application of integral law, not create law. Due to the existence of law as integrity; there is the only correct answer even in the hardest cases but not for legal loophole issue in his eyes. Integrity of the law can achieve protect without loopholes for disputes even if defects of language expressing, major changes in society, or lack of coordination of the law. II How to interpreting law as integrity? Dworkin believes that law is an interpretive concept. There are different methods of interpretation to this concept. Law as integrity is one. This interpretation admits that the law not only refers to specific legal rules, but also concludes a set of principle system which can prove the reasonableness of the law. These principles derived from an integral social that makes the law an organized whole. The participants of legal practice (including judges and lawyers) were interpreting the law constructively under the guidance of this principle to providing a theory that is best for current, past and future legal practice. Then give the significance of integrity to the legal practice, based on the understanding of the law, therefore applying the law to specific cases and acquire the right answers to the specific cases. Dworkin considers the internal point of view as that, the integrity of the legal interpretation is compliance with experience of law practice participants (including judges and lawyers), particularly must be appropriate for the hard cases that dont provide the right answers. With different popular views, Dworkin believes that when people argue what is the law there are no other motives to posture to hide their own desires; and not disputed at the edge of the ambiguous words as meaningless. It is misunderstanding of legal practice regardless of seeing them as a liar or fool. Interpretation as a constructive approach, law as integrity can overcome the defects of other two competitive interpretations which are conventionalism and pragmatism. Conventionalist strictly follow the past conventions and cant deal with hard cases that have no rules to apply- the judge does not sentence so that violated judges duties to create new law that may contradict with the belief of deciding cases according to the law. The law as integrity requires that the judge can develop the law through constructive interpretation under the law, thus it will combine the demand of stability and adaptability of the law. Dworkin successfully directed with the aid of the concept of integrity that: Legal pragmatism cant explain why people do not want to accept inconsistent treatment of solutions mean that the internal compromise  [1]  , while the law as integrity can be explained. In summary, the common ground of the two interpretation models: conventionalism and pragmatism is that they all stand there and have no law in front of hard cases; the judge can beyond the law when he has more than one choice however the litigant can only pray. Regardless of both conventionalism and pragmatism cant accept the judge was unlimited, but there is one possibility actually, namely judge may throw the coin to decide how to judge. The law as integrity is firmly opposed to this kind of attitude, it stands that even if the book recorded legal rules and instructions is silent, the sound of the law still existed, but is low with difficulty hears  [2]  . III What is law as integrity? At first, it is a third independent virtue or political idea that differs from the justice and fairness. It is common that contradiction between ideals in politics, integrity sometimes requires compromise with the other ideals. It can be found that the two virtues of justice and fairness sometimes against each other and we often have to choose one of them in order to decide which political agenda to support if we deny the integrity and make political activities relying on justice, fairness and due process of law. For example, it is believed that the rule decided by majority is the fairest possible decision-making process, but most people often make decision that is not justified to individual rights. Hence, These difficult questions arise because fairness and justice sometimes conflict. If we believe that integrity is a third and independent ideal, at least when people disagree about one of the first two, then we may well think that fairness or justice must sometimes be sacrificed to integrity.  [3]  , so various reasons, both practical and expressive, a community might have for accepting integrity as a political virtue  [4]  . Integrity as a virtue is required by the inevitable real world. In an ideal society, all citizens have equal respect, the restrictions and limitations by integrity are not needed; thus, it can be said that integrity can only relate to the second best justice, we do not live in an ideal world. Therefore, it needs the protection in system in order to determine what justice it is. Dworkin also said that: we accept integrity as a political ideal because we want to treat our political community as one of principle, and the citizens of a community as one of principle, and the citizens of a community of principle aim not simply at common principles, as if uniformity were all they wanted, but the best common principles politics can find. Integrity is distinct from justice and fairness, but it is bound to them in that way: integrity makes no sense except among people who want fairness and justice as well.  [5]  Obviously, Dworkin emphasized on the integrity relating to justice and fairness. Secondly, the integrity is a matter of principle. It is both legislative and judicial. As legislative principles, it tells legislators that the simple exchange of justice and fairness is wrong; restricting legislators what may be appropriate to expand or change the public standards. Dworkin said that Integrity is about principle and does not require any simple form of consistency in policy. The legislative principle of integrity demands that the legislature strive to protect for everyone what it takes to be their moral and political rights, so that public standards express a coherent scheme of justice and fairness.  [6]  As judicial principle, it tells the judges and lawyers to make their decision and arguments consistent with the existing legal system; or requires our judges, so far as this is possible, to treat our present system of public standards as expressing and respecting a coherent set of principles  [7]  . Dworkin is undoubtedly paying more attention to the integrit y of judicial principles to which the related idea is an important part of Dworkins Philosophy of Right. Integrity as a judicial principle means restriction and guidance to judges interpreting the law. In order to ensure consistency, Dworkin regards the judge as the author of the chain novel, the goal of many coauthor chain novels is that making it unfold logically for the characters and plot decided at beginning. The opus is like completed by one author. Each novelist aims to make a single novel of the material he has been given, what he adds to it, and (so far as he can control this) what his successors will want or be able to add. He must try to make this the best novel it can be construed as the work of a single author than, as is the fact, the product of many different hands. This calls for an overall judgment on his part, or a series of overall judgments as he writes and rewrites.  [8]  However the interpretation of each author may be diverse, but it is influenced by two factors. One is suit, in other words, his work should consistent with the work before; another is judgment, that is to say, he must judge which kind of interpretation is able to interpret the work best if many interpretations were consistent with the work before. The chain novels author creates a work like one person because of the two limits above. The judge should use the thought method such as chain novel when they understand and apply the law. He should consider the past decisions as a part of a novel to which he must interpret and continue; making judgment as accurate as possible based on integrity and the theoretical knowledge and values. When considers integrity, Dworkin also clears that how to deal with historical issues, which is one of the requirement about consistency. He said: Integrity does not require consistency in principle over all historical stages of a communitys law; it does not require that judges try to understand the law they enforce as continuous in principle with the abandoned law of a previous century or even a previous generation.  [9]  History is important in that the scheme of principle must provide reasonable reasons for past standing and contents of judgments; history is important for the law as integrity, but is only important in some respects. On the contrary, the integrity insists that: a horizontal rather than vertical consistency of principle across the range of the legal standards the community now enforces. It insists that the law- the rights and duties that flow from past collective decisions and for that reason license or require coercion- contains not only the narrow explicit con tent of these decisions but also, more broadly, the scheme of principles necessary to justify them.  [10]   In case Riggs v. Palmer  [11]  , it fully reflects the importance of the principle of legal integrity. Such as the judge comments that it should not interpret law in isolated historical background, but should be based on the general principles of law. Judges should make the interpretation of the law to consist with the general principles of law as far as possible when interpreting laws. It will be ridiculous that the murder becomes the successor is allowed. Law must respect a basic principle that a person cannot benefit from his fault. If the judge applies the law rigidly and decides the murder Palmer won the right of inheritance of his grandfather, so that they are violating the principles of justice and fairness contained by law. It indicates that the interpretation by the judge to law deeply manifests the judges legal awareness and his political and moral attitudes. Dworkin concludes that the opinion to any judge is a philosophy of law, even if his philosophy was hidden and no t disclosed, even if obvious inference is full of provisions and facts.  [12]  Jurisprudence is the general part of the trail and the silent preamble of any legal judgments. Laws empire is defined by attitude, not territory or power or process.  [13]   Therefore, Dworkin always stressed that the standard hidden behind the provisions when he rebuilding the law. In his view, the provisions of the law are always general and abstract in judicial practice, and cannot be concluded in every circumstance. This requires the judge to find the content behind the rules in the process of law interpreting; the hidden law may be abstract, some self-evident facts or some conclusions resulted from reasonable inference. Only find these hidden laws, the judge can clearly distinguish similar cases from non-similar cases to achieve the requirement of treat equally without discrimination. It can be seen that the legal interpretation in the eyes of Dworkin is actually an objectively rebuild of the law, the law is not just composed of a bunch of rules, it is a closed and perfect system, interpretation is only a rebuild to the question of this system. Dworkins theory of legal interpretation is full of idealism, however the realization of this ideal is based on certainty and provision of the law and capable judges, the judge cannot be arbitrary when they interpret the law. On the contrary, they are interpreting law constructively under the current scheme and scope of the whole law. In other words, his purpose is to make the interpretation become the best based on both current legal material and scheme. IV Misunderstanding to law as integrity After Law as integrity published on which the criticism has not been stopped. Law as integrity becomes the essential target criticized by the repudiator, but the majority of repudiators do not understand law as integrity correctly, how could they criticize this goal? Forbid judge create the law Dworkin indeed stressed that even if processing the case the law has not proved obvious answer to it, the judge should also resort to the law, confirming and carry out the rights stipulated by law, but should not resort to the factor outside the law, otherwise it constitutes a threat to the civil right. However, it is not equal to deny any creativity of the judge; it only denies the creativity of the judge without limit. The legal integrity interpretation is a constructive one. The elucidator is not a mechanical and passive main body. All interpretation is the process that seeks for significance. Looking from the external viewpoint, all significances are the elucidator endow with the object; that is why Dworkin talked about constructive interpretation, saying that: constructive interpretation is a matter of imposing purpose on an object or practice in order to make of it the best possible example of the form or genre to which it is taken to belong.  [14]   However, by looking at the intrinsic viewpoint, if participant describes the psychological activity when he is interpreting, it will be more accurate than the creation. As interpretation that cannot be understood randomly. The legal interpretation will always be limited by application goal (universal legal rule to apply in specific case) and tradition. These limits in fact are the prerequisite that the interpretation can be possible. Dworkin uses chain novel analogies to the restraint the judge receives in the judicial process. Different authors will make different decisions, but, his decision doesnt contain appropriate summary whether and how the content will be separated from the provided novel he is writing. The same with the author of chain novel, the judge also receives the restraint of the law. This is why Dworkin firmly believed that even if in hard cases, the goal of decision process is to find but not to create the right for both sides. The fact is that in his intrinsic viewpoint Dworkin described the judge is finding but not creating the law; however the critic listened that judge should find but not create the law. Actually none of the judge was separated the whole law values when he was judging the case. As it has discussed, Dworkins understanding of the judge is to find law but not to create law is not impractical. The best (no loophole) legal system The best legal system is inferred by the first opinion that is forbidding the judge to create the law, if the first understanding is wrong, this point is impossibly accurate. Regarding to law as integrity, actually the existence of the best legal system is simply not the essential premise. Dworkin indeed has written that All interpretation strives to make an object the best it can be,  [15]  and the judge must think of the past decision as part of a long story he must interpret and then continue, according to his own judgment of how to make the developing story as good as it can be.  [16]  But this only mentioned that the elucidator received the restraint in the interpretation process, the interpretation itself had some intrinsic or subjective requirements, simultaneously was really existed. This does not mean that this kind of interpretation requires its interpretation object be perfect. If this existing interpretation object is not perfect, for example, it is so chaotic that it cannot find any reasonable interpretation, and then the elucidator has to acknowledge his defeat and admit this as an impossible mission. But this was not the theory question, but the fact that understanding question, or is the realistic feasible question of method. Replying such question does not need to argue too much, it has a very simple answer: practice. It is important that one method will possibly be defeated, but it doesnt prove that this method cannot certainly succeed. The law has the integrity significance after the interpretation of the participant, it may be perfect in the eyes of the elucidator, and it is undoubtedly closed and changeless. It is just the reverse that constructive interpretation is a process reconsidering and readjusting continually. Dworkin divided the interpretation into three stages: preinterpretive, interpretive and postinterpretive or reforming stages.  [17]  According to the theory of Hermeneutics of philosophy, the interpretation process is not the unitary process, but the continually circulating process. Specifically, determining the scope of interpretation object needs to be taken at a certain degree, in order to distinguish the specific phenomenon from others that do not care about. Based on the finding in interpretive or postinterpretive stages, perhaps the elucidator will find that the scope or reason preceding stage definite will be inappropriate, there are some factors that dont need to consider originally, pos sibly these new factors in turn prove the reason of interpretive stage or conclusion of postinterpretive stage not to be inappropriate. Therefore, the elucidator must make the adjustment, and the interpretation will keep going after the scope and reason were adjusted. In this process, it has no invaluable thing; the adjustment takes place from the beginning to an end, keeping a procedure that gets rid of old thing and join new thing. When Dworkin emphasis law works itself pure  [18]  , it is precisely referred to the law that is developing unceasingly through the participant interpreting the law. The only right answer Dworkins theory supposed that the legal matter usually has the only right answer. But law as integrity is a method of legal interpretation; it does not guarantee to obtain any definite result. Hercules can always find the only right answer, but he is only an imaginary ideal character, the judge in reality is impossible to be as perfect as him. Therefore the actual result, which Dworkin acknowledged is that different judges may choose different results when they adopt the integrity law, he also admitted that none of the interpretation can pass examination, or it had two or more different interpretation passed the examination. But you cannot know in advance that you will reach that skeptical result. You must try first.  [19]  So, the law as integrity requires the judge be with a good attitude more than a good actual result, in other words, the judge should believe that there is an only right answer for him to seek for. Certainly, as a subjective judgment, the only right answer has the obvious weakness: lacking the external evaluation method and standard. While making a decision, does the judge believe that his choice is the best or does he randomly pick one from several options? This cannot be judged from an external standpoint. Therefore, this requirement of certitude extent is hard to become the requirement of institutionalization. However, such criticism is derived from external viewpoints, and it cannot deny the excellent significance to the participant. The tie of various answers pass the examination is hardly happened, if it does not suppose that the hard case has the right answer, it cannot start seeking the right answer; if it does not suppose the right answer, it will stop the premature to find the only right answer, leading to a stop which is too early so that the only solution, originally accessible, cannot be reached now. At last, it is also the most important Dworkin thought, this hypothesis is the essential part of the principle system based on Rights Thesis, and it is also the premise of judicial activities legalization: if the judge does not have the duty to make the right decision, what can endow to this decision with legal constraint. The questions about right and prove Dworkin said: we can have reason to think an answer right is different from the question whether it can be demonstrated to be tight.  [20]  This doesnt indicate that Dworkin did not provide the reason to his interpretation. If proof means that a thundering knock-down metaphysical demonstration, the reason is not the proof, this is decided by participants view and integrity interpretation method. The interpretation is based on participants view, this decides that it has no neutral standpoint; constructive interpretation imposes the significance to the object, it decides the interpretation result but does not have the objectivity. According to the viewpoint of law as integrity, propositions of law are true of they figure in or follow from the principles of justice, fairness, and procedural due process that provide the best constructive interpretation of the communitys legal practice.  [21]  This truth does not have the objectivity that resorts to the neutral third party rules, so it is controversial. However, this truth is different from individual preference. The law disputes do not have right answer such as moral and politic disputes. Because the law disputes of the participant also follow requirement of the rationality, discussing intrinsic view that is possible and meaningful. When Dworkin announced the dislike to checkerboard statutes, he asked what can explain this dislike, his answer is the integrity works.  [22]  This means to the intrinsic participant that the integrity is not a fantasy but power really exists. On the other hand, the integrity is an ideal that the requirement is not always satisfied. But this reality does not show that the integrity loses its significance, it can play a role of criticizing, and that is to say, it can evaluate the situation that is not satisfied as defect based on the requirement of integrity. This is precisely the people who participate in legal practice frequently do. It is the same to the only right answer and Hercules in the theory of law as integrity. This is consistent with what Dworkins argues: No doubt real judges decide most cases in a much less methodical way. But Hercules shows us the hidden structure of their judgments and so lays these open to study and criticism.  [23]   After all, the method of interpretation is different from scientific method. The significance cannot be proved through scientific methods. There is an easy misunderstanding that put the best (no loophole) legal system to the premise of forbid judge create the law. V Conclusion Different people with different purposes looking at the interpretation will get different views. Someone argued that the legal phenomenon is chaotic, contradictory and meaningless. But Dworkin did not stop arguing, he gave the law with some significance such as integrity. Law as integrity is standing in the position of the participant to interpreting the law in intrinsic viewpoint. It is important that it only can find some limits from the external viewpoint. However, there is one thing that should not forget, two different perspectives cannot replace with each other, and it should not require that finding the external thing by using intrinsic viewpoint. Even the critics should not use their own opinions to misrepresent the theory based on different views.

Essay --

Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound addresses two ideologies that ran rampant during the 50s, just after the conclusion of World War II. These Ideologies were anti- communism and suburban domesticity, both of which were sought to be resolved by the Americans through marriage and parenthood in a suitable and stable household. May discovers that domestic revival was key in addressing the ‘cold war ideology’; her book seeks to discover why post war Americans looked unto household stability as a means of solving the threat of communism at the time. It was, as she describes; â€Å"postwar Americans' intense need to feel liberated from the past and secure in the future." She believes that â€Å"Domestic containment† originated from the 30s and 40s, where people started to view the family structure in two different ways, â€Å"one with two breadwinners who shared tasks and the other with spouses whose roles were sharply differentiated." Society at the time chose the latter. Things like new deal programs aimed to improve employment opportunities for men. The American dream was at this time available to whit...

NAPOLEON :: essays research papers

Napoleon 1 NAPOLEON â€Å"RABULIONE† Napoleon 2 Abstract Napoleon Bonaparte was and still is one of France’s most revered heroes. Though born a Corsican in 1769, he journeyed to France for schooling at the age of nine. After an interesting and quiet childhood Napoleon joined the French artillery at the age of sixteen. Through hard work, bravery, political connections and being born during a turbulent time, Napoleon rose to the rank of General. In 1799 he was elected France’s First Consul For Life, later he proclaimed himself France’s Emperor. Napoleon reformed much of European law and spread the idea of republicanism throughout much of Europe. His ideas continue to be incorporated into Switzerland’s law. Napoleon also reformed schools and strengthened Paris’ reputation as one of the cultural capitals of the world. Napoleon’s life was not without setbacks. In 1814 he was exiled to the island of Elba, by British Allies. He was also exiled to St. Helena after losing battles at Waterloo, Wavre, Ligny and Quatre Bras. He lived in confinement surrounded by British Guards until he died on May 5, 1821. Napoleon 3 Napoleon†¦ â€Å"Rabulione† Napoleone di Bounaparte, who was also known as the â€Å"little Corsican†, was born to Carlo Maria and Letzia Maria Ramolino di Bounaparte in Ajaccio, Corsica on August 15, 1769. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. Napoleon was the second of eight living children. He was named after an Egyptian religious figure. He and his older brother Giuseppe were allowed to wrestle, draw on the walls and play games in an undecorated room in the house. Napoleon also received a nickname as a child, Rabulione, which means â€Å"he who meddles in everything†(Bloom 2001). Napoleon was a very small, hot tempered youth. Though small, he would often beat up his older brother when fighting. He hade a very large ego and was very conscientious. As a child his mother often had him follow his father to the local tavern because his father liked to gamble and was not very lucky. He would have to run back and give reports to his mother. Napoleon formed many routines as a child that he continued throughout his life. Firstly, he bathed daily, as Emperor he bathed for an hour each morning before getting dressed. Secondly, he was very generous. He bestowed many awards, honors and titles as Emperor. Napoleon 4 Napoleon started school at the age of five. He was enrolled in a school, run by a nun in 1774.

Printing and Key Plate

Mystery of ‘K’ in CMYK The K in CMYK stands for â€Å"Key†, but the answer is much more interesting than that. The â€Å"key plate† is said to add the â€Å"detail† to a printed image. This is true in that the black plate in a four color process print pushes the contrast and creates â€Å"detail†. Many people suggest that the theory of using K instead of B because it may be easily confused with â€Å"Blue† is a myth. While it is highly speculative what the reasoning is, there are context clues as to why it may actually be true.Mark Gatter, in the book he published titled â€Å"Getting it right in print†, states the â€Å"key plate† is used align the other plates, but does not mention why it is called â€Å"key†. While the term today may have adopted the meaning for the process of aligning plates, the term â€Å"key† does not originate from this process. The color â€Å"registration† is more closely rel ated to the process of aligning plates. The term â€Å"key† originates from the rotary printing press in 1843 that had screw keys to control the amount of ink printing on a substrate.Offset presses also use this mechanism. Most other countries who speak languages other than English typically used â€Å"CMYK† to mean four color process; even if the individual colors don’t begin with the same letters. However, in French speaking countries, the accronym is â€Å"CMJN† is used meaning â€Å"Cyan, Magenta, Jaune, Noir†. â€Å"Jaune† and â€Å"Noir† translate to â€Å"Yellow† and â€Å"Black† respectively. This shows that in certain countries, the model directly translates to â€Å"black† and not â€Å"key† or any other term referring to alignment, detail, or contrast.While Johannes Gutenburg invented the printing press in Germany around 1454 which revolutionized moveable type, it was Jacob Christoph Le Blon who invented three-color and four-color process printing around 1725. What is interesting is that his original color models were RYB and RYBK. The argument here is that the color blue (represented by â€Å"B†) is used in the same process as black, so the initial may have been changed to avoid confusion.His three-color process would have used the same aligning technique as his four-color process, so if â€Å"key† was meant to mean â€Å"key plate†, it would theoretically have been the blue plate in his three-color model. While it may never be known the exact origin of the use of â€Å"key†, it can be discerned that the myth could perhaps be true and that the origin of the term could have been to simply avoid confusion with the color blue. It appears the context clues may outweigh the notion that K is used to denote â€Å"detail† or â€Å"contrast†. Source: http://gearsidecreative. com/why-is-the-color-black-represented-with-a-k-in-cmyk/